Endocrine Abstracts

Background: Thyroid hormones may affect bone calcium metabolism either by a direct action on osteoclasts or by acting on osteoblasts which mediate osteoclastic bone resorption. Hyperthyroidism induces an accelerated bone loss, causing hypercalcemia and may thereby increase the risk of low energy fractures. Increased IL-6 levels and hyperadrenergic state due to thyrotoxicosis, are also implicated in hypercalcemia.Case: A 33 year old who is a known case of...

Background: Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are increasingly playing a bigger role in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions due to their lower extra pyramidal side effect profile However, SGAs are known to cause clinically relevant metabolic derangements including hyperglycaemiaCase: A 70-year-old gentleman was admitted with generalised weakness and increased urinary frequency (polyuria) and polydipsia. His blood glucose...

Thyroid storm is rare life-threatening clinical manifestation of endocrine dysfunction originating from excess level of thyroid hormone leading to hypermetabolic state with an incidence of 0.57-0.76/1000,000. The increase demand of metabolic activity subsequently induces, palpitations, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance and congestive heart failure. Most common cardiovascular manifestation of thyroid storm is tachycardia and atrial fibrillation occurs in up to 15% of patients. In ...

Background: Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 is an autoimmune disorder that affects many hormone-producing (endocrine) glands. It is characterized by the presence of Addison’s disease along with autoimmune thyroid disease and/or type 1 diabetes. The initial presentation can be varied but some patient maybe present with subclinical hypothyroidism and later develop Addisonian crisis. The pathogenesis of Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 remains unclear, altho...

Introduction: Pituitary tumours one of the most commonly occurring intracranial neoplasms accounting for up to the 15 % of all intracranial neoplasms. Pituitary tumours are often associated with overproduction of hormones or, when they are large, they cause mass effect on surrounding neural structures which are adjacent to their typical location in the Sella turcica. Due to their multifaceted effects pituitary tumours may cause cognitive impairment due hormonal deficiency or m...

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in clinical management of cancer has had an undeniable impact in management of cancer patients. Currently there are several ICIs are used across Europe including but not limited to, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and ipilimumab. Even though their clinical efficacy is reputable, they have the potential of causing serious immunotherapy-related adverse events’ (irADRs) in several organ systems including endocrine organs. ...

Introduction: Amiodarone is a highly effective drug, used for the treatment of arrhythmias. However, it can cause either hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis. It leads to alterations in thyroid gland function or thyroid hormone metabolism, due to its high iodine content. Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism is common in countries with high iodine dietary intake, and Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is more prevalent in regions with low iodine dietary intake. A large amount of iodide...